Opening a Closed Box

Foundational Papers in Complexity Science pp. 149–169
DOI: 10.37911/9781947864528.08

Opening a Closed Box

Author: Cosma Rohilla Shalizi, Carnegie Mellon University and Santa Fe Institute

 

Excerpt

All science, as this paper explains, relies on models, but this is more obvious for the study of complex systems than, say, mycology, so it is only fitting that we begin this volume with one of the first self-conscious articulations of how and why scientists use models. A few words of scene-setting are in order before discussing the paper itself, about our authors, their larger interdisciplinary collaborative project, and how this paper both fit into that project and opened new pathways.

Bibliography

Ashworth, S., C. R. Berry, and E. Bueno de Mesquita. 2021. Theory and Credibility: Integrating Theoretical and Empirical Social Science. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Bernard, C. [1865]1927. Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine. Translated by Henry Copley Green. First published as Introduction à l’étude de la médecine expérimentale, Paris: J. B. Bailliere. Reprinted New York, NY: Dover, 1957. New York, NY: Macmillan.

Bertoloni Meli, D. 2019. Mechanism: A Visual, Lexical, and Conceptual History. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.

Borges, J. L. [1946]1998. Collected Fictions. Translated by Andrew Hurley. New York, NY: Viking.

Burch, T. K. 2018. Model-Based Demography: Essays on Integrating Data, Technique and Theory. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65433-1.

Conway, F., and J. Siegelman. 2005. Dark Hero of the Information Age: In Search of Norbert Wiener, the Father of Cybernetics. New York, NY: Basic Books.

de la Mettrie, J. O. 1994. Man a Machine and Man a Plant. Translated by Richard Watson and Maya Rybalka, with introduction and notes by Justin Leiber; first published as L'Homme Machine (1747) and L'Homme Plante (1948). Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.

Fishburn, P., and B. Monjardet. 1992. “Norbert Wiener on the Theory of Measurement, 1914, 1915, 1921.” Journal of Mathematical Psychology 36:165–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2496(92)90035-6.

Giere, R. N. 1988. Explaining Science: A Cognitive Approach. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Greenberg, J., and S. Hastings. 1978. “Spatial Patterns for Discrete Models of Diffusion in Excitable Media.” SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics 34:515–523. http://www.jstor.org/pss/2100950.

Guadalajara Boo, J. F. 2012. “Dr. Arturo Rosenblueth Stearns (1900--1970) en el Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez” (1944–1961).” Revista de la Facultad de Medicina de la UNAM 55 (5): 4–10.

Guzik Glantz, R. 2009. “Relaciones de un Cientiífico Mexicano con el Extranjero: El case de Arturo Rosenblueth.” Revista mexicana de investigación educativa 14 (40): 43–67. http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1405-66662009000100004.

—. 2015. “Entra la experimentación y los modelos abstractos: Breve historia de vida de Arturo Rosenblueth (1900–1970).” Antropología: Revista Interidscioplinaria del INAH 99:20–36. https://revistatest.inah.gob.mx/index.php/antropologia/article/view/8191.

—. 2018. Arturo Rosenblueth, 1900–1970. Mexico City, Mexico: El Colegio Nacional.

Heims, S. J. 1980. John von Neumann and Norbert Wiener: From Mathematics to the Technologies of Life and Death. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

—. 1991. The Cybernetics Group: Constructing a Social Science for Postwar America, 1946—1953. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Jones, A. 2017. A Portable Cosmos: Revealing the Antikythera Mechanism, Scientific Wonder of the Ancient World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Kline, R. R. 2017. The Cybernetics Moment: Or Why We Call Our Age the Information Age. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Kolmogorov, A. N. 1965. “Three Approaches to the Quantitative Definition of Information.” Problems of Information Transmission 1:1–7.

Li, M., and P. M. B. Vitányi. 1997. An Introduction to Kolmogorov Complexity and Its Applications. Second edition. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.

Loeb, J. 1912. The Mechanistic Conception of Life. Reprint (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1964), edited and with an introduction by Donald Flemming. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Masani, P. R. 1990. Norbert Wiener, 1894–1964. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhaäuser. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9252-0.

Mayr, O. 1986. Authority, Liberty, and Automatic Machinery in Early Modern Europe. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Mindell, D. A. 2004. Between Human and Machine: Feedback, Control, and Computing before Cybernetics. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Montagnini, Leone. 2017. Harmonies of Disorder: Norbert Wiener: A Mathematician-Philosophy of Our Time. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50657-9.

Poincaré, H. 2001. The Value of Science: Essential Writings of Henri Poincaré. Contents: Science and Hypothesis (1903, translation 1905); The Value of Science (1905, translation 1913); Science and Method (1908; translation 1914). New York, NY: Modern Library.

Rosenblueth, A. 1970. Mind and Brain: A Philosophy of Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Rosenblueth, A., N. Wiener, and J. Bigelow. 1943. “Behavior, Purpose, and Teleology.” Philosophy of Science 10:18–24. http://www.jstor.org/stable/184878.

Rosenblueth, A., N. Wiener, Walter Pitts, and J. García Ramos. 1949. “A Statistical Analysis of Synaptic Excitation.” Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 34:173–205. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030340202.

Russell, B. 1920. Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy. Second. First edition, 1919. London, UK: George Allen and Unwin. http://people.umass.edu/klement/russell-imp.html.

—. 1993. Our Knowledge of the External World, as a Field for Scientific Method in Philosophy. New introduction by John G. Slater; first edition Open Court Publishing, 1914. London, UK: Routledge.

Salmerón, F. 1978. “Noticia sobre Arturo Rosenblueth.” Reprinted pp. 289–295 of Dialogos, Diálogos 14 (5 (83)): 27–29.

Solomonoff, R. J. 1964. “A Formal Theory of Inductive Inference.” Information and Control 7:1–22 and 224–254. http://world.std.com/~rjs/pubs.html.

Spinoza, B. 1992. Ethics; Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect; and Selected Letters. Translated by Samuel Shirley, edited and introduced by Seymour Feldman. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.

Whitehead, A. N., and B. Russell. 1925–27. Principia Mathematica. 2nd. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Wiener, N. 1919. “A New Theory of Measurement: A Study in the Logic of Mathematics.” Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society 19:181–205. https://doi.org/10.1112/plms/s2-19.1.181.

—. 1948. Cybernetics: Or, Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. New York, NY: Wiley.

—. 1949. Extrapolation, Interpolation, and Smoothing of Stationary Time Series: With Engineering Applications. First published during the war [1942] as a classified report to Section D2, National Defense Research Council. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

—. 1953. Ex-Prodigy: My Childhood and Youth. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.

—. 1955. I Am a Mathematician: The Later Life of a Prodigy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

—. 1958. Nonlinear Problems in Random Theory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

—. 1974. Collected Works: with Commentaries. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Wiener, N., and A. Roseblueth. 1946. “The Mathematical Formulation of the Problem of Conduction of Impulses in a Network of Connected Excitable Elements, Specifically in Cardiac Muscle.” Reprinted in Wiener 1974, vol. 4, p. 511–571, Archivos del Instituo de Cardiología de México 16:205–265.

BACK TO Foundational Papers in Complexity Science