Editor

• David C. Krakauer

Table of Contents

VOLUME 1

Introduction
David C. Krakauer

1. Luís Bettencourt: Maximum Power as a Physical Principle of Evolution
   A. J. Lotka, “Contribution to the Energetics of Evolution” (1922)

2. Susanne Still: To Work is to Think
   L. Szilárd, “On the Decrease of Entropy in a Thermodynamic System by the Intervention of Intelligent Beings” (1929)

3. Sergey Gavrilets: Navigating the Landscape of Complexity: Sewall Wright’s Seminal Contributions and their Far-Reaching Impact
   S. Wright, “The Roles of Mutation, Inbreeding, Crossbreeding, and Selection in Evolution” (1932)

4. Walter Fontana: The Shadow of a Mechanism
   C. H. Waddington, Canalization of Development and the Inheritance of Acquired Characters (1942)

5. Bruno Olshausen and Christopher Hillar: The Genesis of Modern Computing and AI
   W. S. McCulloch and W. Pitts, “A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity” (1943)

6. Andrew Pickering: The Birth of Cybernetics
   A. Rosenblueth, N. Wiener, and J. Bigelow, “Behavior, Purpose, and Teleology” (1943)

7. Samuel Bowles: Friedrich Hayek’s Economy of Knowledge
   F. A. Hayek, “The Use of Knowledge in Society” (1945)

8. Cosma Rohilla Shalizi: Opening a Closed Box
   A. Rosenblueth and N. Wiener, “The Role of Models in Science” (1945)

9. Seth Lloyd: From the Analog to the Digital
   C. E. Shannon, “A Mathematical Theory of Communication” (1948)

10. Stuart Kauffman: If, and, If So, How?
    W. Weaver, “Science and Complexity” (1948)

11. Daniel Dennett: Turing’s Brainchild: Artificial Intelligence
    A. M. Turing, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” (1950)

12. Robert L. Axtell: The Nash Equilibrium
    J. Nash, “Non-Cooperative Games” (1951)

13. Karen Page: Do Turing Patterns Provide a Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis?
    A. M. Turing, “The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis” (1952)

14. Dawn E. Holmes: Jaynes and the Principle of Maximum Entropy
    E. T. Jaynes, “Information Theory and Statistical Mechanics” (1957)

15. Maxim Raginsky: The State–Space Revolution in the Study of Complex Systems
    R. E. Kálmán, “Contributions to the Theory of Optimal Control” (1960)

16. David H. Wolpert: The Relationship between Physics and Computation: The Minimal Thermodynamic Cost of to Erase a Bit
    R. Landauer, “Irreversibility and Heat Generation in the Computing Process” (1961)

17. Melanie Mitchell: Symbols versus Cybernetics: Marvin Minsky on the Prospects for Artificial Intelligence
    M. Minsky, “Steps Toward Artificial Intelligence” (1961)

18. John Geanakoplos: Arrow’s ‘Learning by Doing’ and Complexity Economics
    K. J. Arrow, “The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing” (1962)

19. David C. Krakauer: The Unstable Foundations of Simplicity
    M. Bunge, “The Complexity of Simplicity” (1962)

20. John H. Miller: Mastering the Glass Bead Game
    J. H. Holland, “Outline for a Logical Theory of Adaptive Systems” (1962)
    
    VOLUME 2

21. Simon A. Levin: The Architect of Complexity
    H. A. Simon, “The Architecture of Complexity” (1962)

22. Erica Jen: Café Roots & Fruits
    S. Ulam, “On Some Mathematical Problems Connected with Patterns of Growth in Figures” (1962)

23. J. Doyne Farmer: The Revolutionary Discovery of Chaos
    E. N. Lorenz, “Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow” (1963)

24. Cristopher Moore: Easy vs. Hard: The Dawn of Computational Complexity
    A. Cobham, “The Intrinsic Computational Difficulty of Functions” (1964)

25. Paul M.B. Vitányi: A General System for Machine Learning
    R. J. Solomonoff, “A Formal Theory of Inductive Inference, Part 1” (1964)

26. Simon DeDeo: Portrait of the Artist as a Young Complexity Hacker
    G. J. Chaitin, “On the Length of Programs for Computing Finite Binary Sequences” (1966)

27. Ricard Solé: Morphospaces, the Possible, and the Actual
    D. M. Raup, “Geometric Analysis of Shell Coiling; General Problems” (1966)

28. Neil Gershenfeld: Self-Reproducing Ideas
    J. von Neumann, “Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata” (1966)

29. Geoffrey B. West: Fractals, Self-Similarity, and Power Laws
    B. B. Mandelbrot, “How Long is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension” (1967)

30. Carl T. Bergstrom and Michael Lachmann: Origins of the Neutral Theory
    M. Kimura, “Evolutionary Rate at the Molecular Level” (1968)

31. Simon DeDeo: Inspiring, Enigmatic, Incomplete
    A. N. Kolmogorov, “Three Approaches to the Quantitative Definition of Information” (1968)

32. Daniel P. Schrag, A Faulty Foundation Supports a Powerful Idea: Mikhail Budyko and His Work on the Ice–Albedo Feedback
    M. I. Budyko, “The Effect of Solar Radiation Variations on the Climate of the Earth” (1969)

33. Sanjay Jain: Attractors of a Random Networked Dynamical System Have Something to Say about Life
    S. Kauffman, “Metabolic Stability and Epigenesis in Randomly Constructed Genetic Nets” (1969)

34. James P. Crutchfield: Requisite Complexity—A Contemporary View of Cybernetic Control and Communication
    R. C. Conant and W. R. Ashby, “Every Good Regulator of a System Must Be a Model of That System” (1970)

35. Michael Lachmann: The Price Equation: The Mathematical Basis of Evolutionary Theory?
    G. R. Price, “Selection and Covariance”

36. Philipp Honegger and Walter Fontana: The Wheels of Chemistry
    O. E. Rössler, “A System–Theoretic Model of Biogenesis (Ein systemtheoretisches Modell zur Biogenese)” (1971)

37. H. Peyton Young: Tipping Points: Schelling’s Account of Sorting and Segregation
    T. C. Schelling, “Dynamic Models of Segregation” (1971)

38. Timothy A. Kohler: Prehistory in the Land of Malthus
    E. B. W. Zubrow, “Carrying Capacity and Dynamic Equilibrium in the Prehistoric Southwest” (1971)

39. Tanmoy Bhattacharya: Rise of Complexity Sciences in a Reductionist World
    P. W. Anderson, “More Is Different” (1972)

40. Cristopher Moore: Gardens of Forking Paths: Exponential Hardness and Exhaustive Search
    R. M. Karp, “Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems” (1972)

41. Jennifer A. Dunne: Diversity/Complexity/Stability
    R. M. May, “Will a Large Complex System Be Stable?” (1972)

42. Manfred Laubichler: The Deep Co-Evolutionary Roots of Complexity
    H. von Foerster, “Notes on an Epistemology for Living Things” (1972)

43. Jon Machta: The Energy Cost of Computing
    C. H. Bennett, “Logical Reversibility of Computation” (1973)

44. Duncan Watts: Weak Ties and the Origins of Network Science
    M. S. Granovetter, “The Strength of Weak Ties” (1973)
    
    VOLUME 3

45. Van Savage: Resilience Redounding
    C. S. Holling, “Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems” (1973)

46. John Kaag: The Organization of the Organization of Complex Systems
    H. A. Simon, “The Organization of Complex Systems” (1973)

47. Karl Sigmund: The Emergence of Evolutionary Stability
    J. Maynard Smith, “The Theory of Games and the Evolution of Animal Conflicts” (1974)

48. Randall D. Beer: A Factory that Makes Itself
    F. G. Varela, H. R. Maturana, and R. Uribe, “Autopoiesis: The Organization of Living Systems, Its Characterization, and a Model” (1974)

49. Sid Redner: On the Simplest (and Perhaps Too Simple) Solvable Model of a Spin Glass
    D. Sherrington and S. Kirkpatrick, “Solvable Model of a Spin-Glass” (1975)

50. Axel Hutt: Synergetics: The Doctrine of Interaction
    H. Haken, “Synergetics” (1976)

51. Nicholas W. Watkins: Brownian Motion as Mathematical Superstructure to Organize the Science of Climate and Weather
    K. Hasselmann, “Stochastic Climate Models Part I. Theory” (1976)

52. Douglas H. Erwin: Punctuation and Discontinuities: A New View of History (?)
    S. J. Gould and N. Eldredge, “Punctuated Equilibria: The Tempo and Mode of Evolution Reconsidered” (1977)

53. Daniel L. Stein: Spin Glasses, Disordered Systems, and Complexity
    G. Parisi: Infinite Number of Order Parameters for Spin-Glasses (1979)

54. Neil Gershenfeld: Finding Hidden Meaning
    N. H. Packard, J. P. Crutchfield, J. D. Farmer, and R. S. Shaw, “Geometry from a Time Series” (1980)

55. Michael E. Hochberg: Complexity in the Evolution of Cooperation
    R. Axelrod and W. D. Hamilton, “The Evolution of Cooperation” (1981)

56. D. Eric Smith: Small Molecule Self-Organization before Genes
    F. J. Dyson, “A Model for the Origin of Life” (1982)

57. David Sherrington: Attractor Neural Networks
    J. J. Hopfield, “Neural Networks and Physical Systems with Emergent Collective Computational Abilities” (1982)

58. Elizabeth Bradley: Universality in Nonlinear Dynamical Systems
    M. J. Feigenbaum, “Universal Behavior in Nonlinear Systems” (1983)

59. Hector Zenil: The Emergent Behavior of Computer Programs of Short Description Length in Discrete Time and Discrete Space
    S. Wolfram, “Universality and Complexity in Cellular Automata (1984)

60. Stefan Thurner: Irreversible, Nonlinear, Stochastic Systems
    I. Prigogine and G. Nicolis, “Self-Organisation in Nonequilibrium Systems: Towards a Dynamics of Complexity” (1985)

61. Sara Imari Walker: Simulating Life
    C. G. Langton, “Studying Artificial Life with Cellular Automata” (1986)

62. David Kinney: Causal Structures for Evidential Reasoning
    J. Pearl, “Fusion, Propagation, and Structuring in Belief Networks” (1986)

63. Gunnar Pruessner: The Physics of Fractals
    P. Bak, C. Tang, and K. Wiesenfeld, “Self-Organized Criticality: An Explanation of the 1/f Noise” (1987)

64. Christoph Adami: Tripping the Walks Fantastic
    S. Kauffman and S. Levin, “Towards a General Theory of Adaptive Walks on Rugged Landscapes” (1987)

65. Robert L. Axtell: Simple Agents and the Emergence of Complex Behaviors
    C. Reynolds, “Flocks, Heres, and Schools: A Distributed Behavioral Model” (1987)

66. David C. Krakauer: The Evolutionary Cloud in Sequence Space
    M. Eigen, J. McCaskill, and P. Schuster, “Molecular Quasi-Species” (1988)